04.04.24
Editorial Note
In late March, a group of academics and activists wrote a letter to US President Joe Biden requesting him to immediately stop transferring all offensive arms and related funds to Israel. According to them, “Israel’s assault on Gaza appears to include both acts and intent stated in the definition of genocide.” They wrote, “President Biden, do not let the United States go down in history as the enabler of genocide.” Since “The US is a party to the Genocide Convention, and owes the international community the obligation to prevent this heinous crime. When the US continues to send weapons to Israel, especially after ICJ’s provisional measures, it violates these obligations.”
Some 900 academics and activists signed this letter, including Israelis. Some Israelis teach in Israeli institutions, and others were recruited by pro-Palestinians – with the backing of oil-wealthy Middle Eastern states donations – to teach in Western institutions.
The following is the list of Israeli academics from Israeli institutions who signed the letter:
Avner Giladi, Professor (emeritus) of Islamic Studies, University of Haifa. Raphael Greenberg, Professor of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. Ayelet Ben-Yishai, Associate Professor of English, University of Haifa. Dr. Erella Shadmi, retired scholar, Beit Berl College. Miriam Eliav-Feldon, Professor of History, Tel Aviv University. Efraim Davidi, Lecturer of History, Tel-Aviv University. Avner Ben-Amos, Professor of History, Tel-Aviv University. Yuval Yonay, Sociologist, University of Haifa. Ron Barkai, Professor of History (emeritus), Tel Aviv University. Uri Mor, Associate Professor of Hebrew Language, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Tali Bitan, Associate Professor, University of Haifa. Isaac (Yanni) Nevo, Assoc. Professor of Philosophy, Ben Gurion University, Israel. Zohar Eviatar, Professor Emerita, University of Haifa. Eran Fisher, Associate Professor, The Open University of Israel. Gideon Freudenthal, Prof (em.), Tel Aviv University. Maya Rosenfeld, Sociologist, Hebrew University and Sapir College. Michal Givoni, Senior Lecturer in political theory, Ben Gurion University. Anat Matar, Senior Lecturer, Philosophy Department, Tel Aviv University. Oded Na’aman, Senior Lecturer, Hebrew University. Udi Adiv, PhD, Open University. Yossi Wolfson, Teaching Associate, Tel Aviv University. Michal Braier, Urban Planner and Researcher, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Hannah Safran, Haifa Feminist Institute. Tamir Swissa, Teaching Assistant, Tel Aviv University. Maor Zeev-Wolf, Assistant Professor, Ben Gurion University, Israel. Anat Greenstein, Disability Studies Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Nufar Shimony, Philosophy Lecturer (retired).
The following is the list of Israeli academics from Western institutions who signed the letter:
Meir Amor, Associate Professor, Concordia University (ret.). Shira Klein, Associate Professor of History, Chapman University. Tamir Sorek, Professor of History, Penn State University. Lior Sternfeld, Associate Professor of History and Jewish Studies, Penn State University. Omer Bartov, Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Brown University. Yinon Cohen, Prof. of Israel & Jewish Studies, Columbia University. Eldar Shafir, Professor of Behavioral Science & Public Policy, Princeton University. Ra’anan Boustan, Research Scholar, Program in Judaic Studies, Princeton University. Hagar Kotef, Professor of Political Theory, SOAS, University of London. Nitzan Lebovic, Professor of History, Lehigh University. Atalia Omer, Professor of Religion, Conflict, and Peace Studies, The University of Notre Dame. Lital Levy, Associate Professor of Comparative Literature, Princeton University. Liron Mor, Associate Professor of Comparative Literature, UC Irvine. Gilat Levy, Professor of Economics, LSE. Shira Robinson, Associate Professor of History and International Affairs, GWU. Regev Nathansohn, Lecturer, Sapir College. Dr. Hilla Dayan, Lecturer at Amsterdam University College. Dorit Naaman, Professor, Queen’s University. Yael Sela, A. von Humboldt Research Fellow, Goethe University Frankfurt. Noa Shaindlinger, Assistant Professor of History, Worcester State University. Ran Greenstein, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Nitzan Lebovic, professor of History, Lehigh University. Yohai Hakak, Senior lecturer in social work, Brunel University London. Sharon Cohen, Assistant Professor of Introduction to Visual Culture, Bezalel Academy of Arts, Theater director. Haim Bresheeth-Zabner, Professorial Research Associate, SOAS. Yair Wallach, Associate Professor in Israeli Studies, SOAS, University of London. Shira Avni, Associate Professor, Concordia University. Eyal Sivan, Filmmaker & independent researcher. Adi M. Ophir, Visiting Professor, Brown University. Anat Biletzki, Albert Schweitzer Professor of Philosophy, Quinnipiac University. Nadav Assor, Associate Professor of Studio Art, Connecticut College. Thalia Drori Ramirez, Lecturer, CLA, University of Minnesota. Shai Ginsburg, Associate Professor, Duke University. B.H. Yael, Professor, OCAD University. Amittai Aviram, Associate Professor of Computer Science, Boston College. Revital Madar, Postdoctoral Fellow, European University Institute. Shir Alon, Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern Studies, UMN. Ophira Gamliel, Lecturer in South Asian Religions, University of Glasgow. Marcelo Svirsky, Senior Lecturer, University of Wollongong. Nadav Amir, Postdoctoral Fellow, Princeton University. Tom Pessah, Sociologist. Haim Yacobi, Professor of Development Planning, University College London. Neve Gordon, Professor of human rights and humanitarian law, Queen Mary University of London; Vice President of the British Society for Middle East Studies. Itamar Shachar, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Hasselt University, Belgium. Tamar Schneider, Lecturer of Philosophy. Uri Horesh, Lecturer in Arabic, University of St Andrews.
Interestingly, some of the academics are Iranians. Numerous Iranian names, but only several are identified as related to Iran:
Amirhosein Vedadi, Researcher, University of Tehran. Mahd Zarghami, University of Tehran. Ali Ahmad, Tehran University. Atiyeh Vahidmanesh, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Tehran. Camron Michael Amin, Professor of Middle East and Iranian Diaspora Studies, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Former President of the Association for Iranian Studies. Janet Afary, Professor of Religious Studies, University of California Santa Barbara, Former President of the Association for Iranian Studies. Nasser Mohajer, Independent Historian of Modern Iran. Frieda Afary, Iranian American librarian, translator, author, Los Angeles.
While it is possible that some of the Iranians are Iranian dissenters, it is also possible that there are regime agents among them. Iranian Universities are known for close connections to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Revolutionary Guards.
Dr. Lior Sternfeld, an associate professor of History and Jewish Studies at Penn State University, was behind the letter to Biden. He is a researcher of Iranian-Jewish history. Sternfeld was apparently influenced by Haggai Ram, a professor of Middle East Studies at Ben Gurion University who was his MA Thesis adviser and is a friend. Ram achieved a certain notoriety with his book Iranophbia: The Logic of an Israeli Obsession, where he argued that Israel’s preoccupation with Tehran’s nuclear project stems from its effort to deflect from the mistreatment of the Mizrahim, Jews who immigrated from Arab countries. Various book reviewers described the book in glowing terms, noting that Ram emphasized the colonial/Orientalist character of Israel. The Iranian regime considered Ram an essential addition to its gallery of Israeli scholars critical of “the Zionist enemy,” such as Professors Ilan Pappe and Shlomo Sand.
In a 2011 review of this book, Sternfeld called Ram “a prominent Israeli scholar” who helped to explain “the pathology of the Israeli obsession with an Iranian threat. He wrote, “Ram juxtaposes this development with the changing political reality in Israel, as the long time Ashkenazi ruling hegemony was voted out, and the ‘Likud’ party—overwhelmingly supported by religious Mizrahi Jews—came to power. At that point, Israelis saw Iran as a reflection of Israel’s own dark future if the Mizrahi forces in Israel should gain more political power. This sentiment grew stronger during the 1980s and the early 1990s.”
Sternfeld’s newest venture into explaining Iran came in an article published in January in Hebrew. Sternfeld wrote, “In my understanding, the October 7 attack came at a very bad time for Iran, when it was supposed to agree with the US on a new outline for the nuclear talks and instead found itself in an international defensive position due to the Hamas attack.”
Discussing how Israeli media reported on the visit of the Iranian Foreign Minister, Hossein Amir Abdullahian, to Lebanon, on October 12, 2023, Sternfeld wrote, “I believe that it is appropriate to examine the visit precisely as one that seeks to prevent Hezbollah from joining the war and thus being dragged into a regional war. Today, from a distance of three months, we see that while there is a limited military confrontation between Hezbollah and Israel, there has not been an entry into the war in full force as estimated by military and political commentators. That is, alongside pressures from within the Lebanese civil society and system, it is very possible that Iran actually served as a restraining factor.”
Evidently, Sternfeld did not read the voluminous post-October 7, 2023 commentaries that indicate that one of the goals of Hamas was to disrupt the Biden administration’s plan to bring Saudi Arabia into the Abraham Accord pact. The regime and all its proxies harshly denounced the prospective Saudi move and are now gloating that the Gaza War put an end to the plan. Alternatively, it is possible that Sternfeld, like many radical leftist academics, has tried to minimize Iran’s pernicious role in destabilizing the region as a step toward “wiping Israel off the map.” According to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the “Zionist enemy,” aka the “Little Satan,” would cease to exist in the year 2040. A digital clock in a main Tehran square is actually counting down the time to the alleged Israeli demise. Inspired by their Supreme Leader, various regime spokesmen mentioned that a nuclear weapon would be a tool for dispatching the “Little Satan” to its doom. Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, a former president of Iran, once commented that Israel was a one atomic bomb country, adding that all its population would be eliminated. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, another former president who pushed hard for the nuclear program, was fond of speculating on how the world would look after the “Zionist enemy” is gone. He went so far as to support a 2005 conference in Tehran titled “A World without Zionism.”
Whatever the reason for Sternfeld’s stand, he is officially added to the roster of anti-Israel Israeli scholars who wrote the public letter to President Biden, with his name being mentioned in Persian by the Iranian media.
Arguably, they are all reaching out to promote dictatorships in the Middle East.
REFERENCES:
https://www.academics4peace.org/petitions/march-24-stop-arms-to-israel
Genocide is plausible; stop arms to Israel
Published March 2024
President Biden,
We, the undersigned academics and supporters, call on the US to stop transfer of all offensive arms and related funds to Israel, immediately. The International Court of Justice found by an overwhelming majority (15 of 17 judges) that South Africa’s allegations – that Israel is engaged in genocide – are plausible. Despite the court ordering provisional measures, the killing and starvation of Gazans has worsened exponentially.
The crime of genocide is defined as “any of the following acts [when] committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group”: killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, inflicting conditions to bring about physical destruction, imposing measures intended to prevent births.
Israel’s assault on Gaza appears to include both acts and intent stated in the definition of genocide. In the last five months, Israel’s targeting of civilians in Gaza has resulted in over 30,000 dead, 70% of them children and women, with thousands more under rubble. There are documented cases of executions, torture, sexual violence, and persistent policies leading to starvation and dehydration. Public health experts predict that by year’s end, hundreds of thousands will die as a result of Israel’s actions. Israeli leaders have called for retribution and abandoning restraint, assigned collective responsibility to an entire nation for the atrocious Oct. 7 crimes of Hamas, and called for making the Gaza Strip uninhabitable.
The US is a party to the Genocide Convention, and owes the international community the obligation to prevent this heinous crime. When the US continues to send weapons to Israel, especially after ICJ’s provisional measures, it violates these obligations.
President Biden, do not let the United States go down in history as the enabler of genocide. Respect the US’s obligation under international law and basic morality. The only way to stop the starvation of two million people, including 100+ Israeli hostages, is to end this war.
We repeat, genocide is plausible.
List of Signatories
Statement Authors
- Meir Amor, Associate Professor, Concordia University (ret.)
- Joel Beinin, Donald J. Mclachlan Profesor of History, Emeritus, Stanford University, Former President of the Middle East Studies Association
- Sonia Boulos, Associate Professor of International Human Rights Law, Nebrija University, Spain, Fulbright Fellow
- Nubar Hovsepian, Associate Professor of Political Science, Emeritus, Chapman University, previously Political Affairs Officer for the United Nations Conference on the Question of Palestine
- Shira Klein, Associate Professor of History, Chapman University, National Jewish Book Award finalist
- Karin Loevy, Researcher at the Institute for International Law and Justice, New York University School of Law, Israel Law Review Prize winner
- Tamir Sorek, Professor of History, Penn State University, Shapiro Prize for best book in Israel Studies winner
- Lior Sternfeld, Associate Professor of History and Jewish Studies, Penn State University, Templeton Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute
Award Winners & Academic Leaders
- George P. Smith, 2018 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Sir Richard J. Roberts, 1993 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Fellow of the Royal Society, Chief Scientific Officer, New England Biolabs
- Omer Bartov, Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Brown University, National Jewish Book Award winner
- Zachary Lockman, Professor of Middle East History, New York University, Former President of Middle East Studies Association, Member of the British Academy
- Sasha Senderovich, Associate Professor of Slavic and Jewish Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, National Jewish Book Award finalist
- Bruce Robbins, Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities, Department of English and Comparative Literature, Columbia University, Guggenheim Fellow
- Yinon Cohen, Prof. of Israel & Jewish Studies, Columbia University, Winner of the United States-Israel Bi-national Science Foundation (BSF)
- Crystal Murphy, Associate professor of Political Science, Chapman University, Fulbright Scholar
- Stefan H. Krieger, Richard J. Cardali Distinguished Professor in Trial Advocacy, Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University
- Bill Ayers, Distinguished Professor (retired), University of Illinois at Chicago
- Ronald Grigor Suny, William H. Sewell Jr. Distinguished University Professor of History, The University of Michigan, Guggenheim Fellow
- Howard Winant, Distinguished Professor of Sociology Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara, Fulbright Scholar
- Zia Mian, Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University, Linus Pauling Legacy Award; Leo Szilard Award; Fellow of the American Physical Society
- Eldar Shafir, Professor of Behavioral Science & Public Policy, Princeton University, Guggenheim Fellowship; Named one of Foreign Policy Magazine’s 100 Leading Global Thinkers; member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Ra’anan Boustan, Research Scholar, Program in Judaic Studies, Princeton University, Fulbright Fellow
- Lydia Kiesling, Writer, National Book Foundation honoree; VCU Cabell First Novelist Award finalist
- Hagar Kotef, Professor of Political Theory, SOAS, University of London, C.B Macpherson Book Award; Yale Ferguson Award; Spitz Prize in Democratic Theory
- Camron Michael Amin, Professor of Middle East and Iranian Diaspora Studies, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Former President of the Association for Iranian Studies
- Carolyn J. Dean, Charles J. Stille Professor of History and French, Yale University, Guggenheim Fellow
- Jeff Warner, Former Chief of Geochemistry, NASA Johnson Space Center, NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
- Hasia Diner, Professor Emeritus of History, New York University, National Jewish Book Award winner, Guggenheim Fellow
- Mitchell Plitnick, President, ReThinking Foreign Policy, Palestine Book Counter Current Award
- Simon Dinnerstein, Artist, Rome Prize, Fulbright Fellow
- Seyla Benhabib, Eugene Meyer Professor Emerita, Yale University; Ernst Bloch prize; Leopold Lucas Prize; Meister Eckhart Prize of the Identity Foundation and the University of Cologne; former President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association
- Joseph Camilleri, Professor Emeritus of International Relations, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Order of Australia Medal, Member of Academy of Social Sciences in Australia
- Kathryn Levy, Poet; American Poetry Series Finalist, Midwest Book Award
- Elliott Lieb, Professor of Mathematics and Physics (emeritus), Princeton University, Fulbright Fellow
- Rob Nixon, Professor, Princeton; American Book Award; Fulbright Fellow; MacArthur Foundation Peace and Security Fellow
- Lawrence Rosenwald, Professor of English Emeritus, Wellesley College, Guggenheim Fellow
- Jo Radner, Professor Emerita, American University; former President of the American Folklore Society
- Arlene Stein, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, Rutgers University; American Sociological Association’s Simon and Gagnon Award
- Nitzan Lebovic, Apter Chair of Holocaust Studies and Ethical Values, Professor of History, Lehigh UniversityAdeeb Khalid, Jane and Raphael Bernstein Professor of Asian Studies and History, Carleton College; Guggenheim Fellow
- Kia Corthron, American playwright and novelist, Windham Campbell Prize
- Melissa Williams, Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto, First Book Award from the American Political Science Association
- Barbara B. Brown, Lecturer in African Studies, Boston University, Fulbright Scholar
- Harriet Zaidman, Writer; Geoffrey Bilson Award for Historical Fiction
- Lawrence Blum, Distinguished Professor of Liberal Arts and Education, University of Massachusetts, Boston
- Lynne Tillman, writer, Guggenheim Fellow, Creative Capital Andy Warhol Foundation Grantee, American Academy of Arts and Letters’ Katherine Anne Porter Award for Contributions to Literature
- Michael Harris, Professor of Mathematics, Columbia University, Member of the National Academy of Sciences
- Arthur Ogus, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, UC Berkeley
- Rebecca Ruth Gould, Distinguished Professor of Comparative Poetics and Global Politics, SOAS University of London
- Janet Afary, Professor of Religious Studies, University of California Santa Barbara, Former President of the Association for Iranian Studies
- Atalia Omer, Professor of Religion, Conflict, and Peace Studies, The University of Notre Dame, Andrew Carnegie Fellow
- Eva Mroczek, Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Jewish Studies, UC Davis, Director of Jewish Studies Program; Association for Jewish Studies Jordan Schnitzer Book Prize; De Long Book History Prize awarded by the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading, and Publishing; Manfred Lautenschlaeger Prize for Theological Promise
- Victoria de Grazia, Professor of History Emerita, Columbia University, Member of American Academy of Arts & Sciences
- Lital Levy, Associate Professor of Comparative Literature, Princeton University, Salo Baron Prize for the best book in Jewish history
- Elizabeth Bernstein, Professor and Chair of Women’s Gender and Sexuality Studies, and Professor of Sociology, Barnard College, Columbia University, Norbert Elias Prize
- Allison Mickel, Director of Global Studies and Associate Professor of Anthropology, Lehigh University, Fulbright Scholar
- John Harte, Professor of Ecology, University of California, Berkeley, Guggenheim Fellow; George Polk Award; Leo Szilard Prize from the American Physical Society; Member of the American Physical Society; Pew Scholars Prize in Conservation and the Environment
- Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, President, Paul K. Feyerabend Foundation; winner of the Fred Packard International Parks Merit Award
- Arturo` Escobar, Distinguished Professor of Anthropology Emeritus, UNC, CHapel Hill, Member of American Academy of Arts & Sciences
- Soraya de Chadarevian, Professor of History, UCLA, National Science Foundation (NSF) Award
- David Barkin, Distinguished Professor of Economics, Metropolitan University, Mexico City; Alexander von Humboldt Award
- Silvia Kolbowski, Artist, Creative Capital/Warhol Foundation Arts Grant awardee; National Endowment for the Arts awardee; Terra Foundation for the American Art awardee
- Kenneth Frampton, Emeritus Professor, GSAPP, Columbia University, Soane Medal, London; Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement, Venice; American Institute of Architects’ National Honors Award, Washington, DC; Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
- Beverly R. Voloshin, Professor Emerita of English, San Francisco State University, Former president of the Pacific Ancient and Modern Language Association; Fulbright Scholar
- Susan S. Lanser, Professor Emerita of Comparative Literature, English, and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Brandeis University, Former President of the American Society of 18th-Century Studies; Former President of the International Society for the Study of Narrative; Wayne C Booth Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Society for the Study of Narrative; Mellon Foundation Sawyer Seminar Grant
- Carlos Alvarez Pereira, Advisor, UNESCO Chair of Global Understanding for Sustainability
- S Faizi, Ecologist, UN Environmental negotiatiator; UNEP Global 500 Award; Lifetime Achievement in Biodiversity Honour of the Serbian Government
Academics, Clergy, Professionals, Artists
- Rabbi Laurie Zimmerman, Congregation Shaarei Shamayim
- Rabbi Michael Feinberg, NYC
- Danny Sleator, Professor of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University
- Avi-ram Tzoreff, Historian, Van-Leer Jerusalem Institute
- Carmel Dor, Artist
- Lee Mordechai, Senior Lecturer of History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Soumava Basu, President and Founder, Council for Global Cooperation (CGC)
- Elana Michelson, Professor Emerita, SUNY-Empire State University
- Max Weiss, Associate Professor of History, Princeton University
- Liron Mor, Associate Professor of Comparative Literature, UC Irvine
- Alma Rachel Heckman, Associate Professor of History and Jewish Studies, UC Santa Cruz
- Edna Gruvman, Adjunct Professor, Nassau Community College
- Rabbi Michael Feinberg, NYC
- Cantor Michael Zoosman, Co-Founder: “L’chaim! Jews Against the Death Penalty”
- Mairaj Syed, Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Middle East/South Asia Studies, University of California, Davis
- Steven DeLue, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Miami University
- Noah Asher Golden, Associate Professor of Teacher Education, CSU Long Beach
- Tommaso Valletti, Professor of Economics, Imperial College London
- Avner Giladi, Professor (emeritus) of Islamic Studies, University of Haifa
- Frances Tanzer, Rose Professor of Holocaust Studies and Jewish Culture, Clark University
- Danna Agmon, Associate Professor of History, Virginia Tech
- Gilat Levy, Professor of Economics, LSE
- Tavi Gevinson, Writer and actor
- Claire Phillips, Lecturer, CalArts
- Martha Ezell, Writer
- Vardit Goldner, Artist
- Nora Pearl, WREN
- Sara Feldman, Preceptor in Yiddish, Harvard University
- Nufar Shimony, Philosophy Lecturer (retired)
- Raphael Greenberg, Professor of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University
- Amy Beck MD MPH, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
- Shira Robinson, Associate Professor of History and International Affairs, GWU
- Yonatan Ginzburg, Professor of Linguistics, Université Paris Cité
- Roni Tzoreef, Post-doctoral Candidate, University of Michigan
- Harry Hochheiser, Associate Professor of Biomedical University, University of Pittsburgh
- Andrew Spiegel, Emeritus Associate Professor in Anthropology, University of Cape Town
- Cynthia Clarkson, RN
- Regev Nathansohn, Lecturer, Sapir College
- Cat Zavis, Rabbi
- Baki Tezcan, Professor of History, University of California, Davis
- Jane Zighelboim Awni, American Jew
- Dr. Hilla Dayan, Lecturer at Amsterdam University College and Visiting Fellow at Remarque institute, New York
- Ayelet Ben-Yishai, Associate Professor of English, University of Haifa
- Aron Lee Rosenberg, Faculty Lecturer, McGill University
- Dana Schwartz, Marriage, Family Therapist
- Dr. Erella Shadmi, Independent researcher and retired scholar, Beit Berl College
- Miriam Eliav-Feldon, Professor of History, Tel Aviv University
- Aaron Berman, Professor Emeritus of History, Hampshire College
- Mark LeVine, Professor of History, UC Irvine
- Steven Gelb, Professor of Education (Retired), University of San Diego
- Fred Rogers, VP & Treasurer Emeritus, Carleton College
- Alan Wallach, William and Mary, Professor Emeritus
- Jacob Serruya, Historian
- Rabbi Jeremy Milgrom, Israel
- Ursula Wokoeck, PhD
- Brooke Daly
- Dorit Naaman, Professor, Queen’s University
- Robert Reid, concerned citizen
- A. George Beeler, Architect
- Efraim Davidi, Lecturer of History, Tel-Aviv University
- Yossef Rapoport, Professor of Islamic History, Queen Mary University London
- Avner Ben-Amos, Professor of History, Tel-Aviv University
- Kimberly Katz, Professor of History, Towson University
- Flagg Miller, Professor of Religious Studies, University of California, Davis
- Kathleen O’Donnell, Professor Emerita, San Francisco State University
- Emmanuel Szurek, Associate Professor of History, EHESS, Paris
- Elly Levy, Attorney
- Sandy Polishuk, Retired oral historian and Adjunct Instructor, Portland State University
- Persis Karim, Professor, San Francisco State University
- Yuval Yonay, Sociologist, University of Haifa
- Constance Griffith, retired
- Yael Sela, A. von Humboldt Research Fellow, Goethe University Frankfurt
- Ron Barkai, Professor of History (emeritus), Tel Aviv University
- Uri Mor, Associate Professor of Hebrew Language, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Adam Hochschild, author
- Gail Steiner, Activist
- Allan Potofsky, Professor of History, Université Paris Cité
- Claire Kahane, Professor Emerita, University at Buffalo
- Martinez Rocio, History of Art Professor
- T. Samir, Part-Time Assistant Professor, The New School
- Drew Levine, Fairchild & Levine LLP
- Yoav Di-Capua, Professor, UT Austin
- Michal Sapir, Musician and writer
- Najib Joe Hakim, Photographer
- Steven Jordan, Associate Professor, McGill University
- Hella Cohen, former Associate Professor of English, St. Catherine University
- Maresi Nerad, Emerita professor, University of Washington
- Diane L Wolf, Professor Emerita of Sociology and Faculty Assistant to the Vice-Provost, UC Davis
- Simcha Srebnik, Associate Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia
- Megan Shaw, Attorney
- Noa Shaindlinger, Assistant Professor of History, Worcester State University
- Naomi Richman, International Institute for Trauma Studies, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
- Angela Ginorio, Emerita Associate Professor of Feminist Studies, University of Washington
- Betsy Valdes, Activist
- Lynn Wardley, Former faculty, San Francisco State University
- Victor Silverman, Emeritus Professor of History, Pomona College
- Therese Mughannam-Walrath, Peace Activist
- Michal Sela, International consultant & expert on Palestinian affairs
- Amanda Horack, MS. Counseling-Student Development in Higher Education, CSULB
- Zamir Shatz, Artist
- Arlette Mintzer, clinical psychologist
- Steven Robins, Professor of Sociology & Social Anthropology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- Ira Noveck, Directeur de Recherche, CNRS-Université de Paris-Cité
- Tali Bitan, Associate Professor, University of Haifa
- Elliott Green, Professor of Development Studies, London School of Economics
- Leila Züllighoven, PhD, lawyer
- Oana Ionescu Firicã, TV producer
- Dimitra Kolliakou, teacher and writer
- Noa Levin, Postdoctoral Researcher, Università della Svizzera Italiana
- Marianne Hirschberg, Professor, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Kassel
- Jenny Labendz, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, St Francis College
- Itamar Shapira, Tour operator
- Pauline Coderre, concerned citizen
- Isaac (Yanni) Nevo, Assoc. Professor of Philosophy, Ben Gurion University, Israel
- Earnest Arky Solomon, Jewish educator
- Robyn Bem, Editor
- Ruth Zaslansky
- Deborah T Levenson, Professor of History, Emerita, Boston College
- Myrna Breitbart, Emerita Professor of Geography and Urban Studies, Hampshire College
- Susan LaDue, Member, HILR, Harvard
- Sarah Kittilsen, B.A. Student, McGill University
- Thomas Weisskopf, Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Michigan
- Zohar Eviatar, Profesor Emerita, University of Haifa
- Elizaveta Strakhov, Associate Professor of English, Marquette University
- Batya Yelloz, Student
- Cedric Parizot, Anthropologist & researcher, CNRS, Aix en Provence, France
- Bard Swallow, PhD Candidate, University of Toronto
- Summer Star, Associate Professor of English, San Francisco State University
- Kate Ward, Associate Professor of Theology, Marquette University
- Yael Shomroni, Artist
- Shirin Khanmohamadi, Professor, Comparative and World Literature, SFSU
- Ruth Rosen, Professor Emerita, University of California
- Barry Ingber
- Avi Kaplan, Professor of Educational Psychology, Temple University
- S.C. Kaplan
- Jennifer L. Derr, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Santa Cruz
- Deborah Rosenfelt, Professor Emerita, University of Maryland
- Susan Nakley, Professor of English, St. Joseph’s University, Brooklyn NY
- Nancy Ries, Professor of Anthropology and Peace and Conflict Studies, Emerita
- Arlie Hochschild, Professor Emerita, UC Berkeley
- David Lawton
- Gilad BenDavid, PhD Candidate, The Graduate Center (CUNY)
- Jessica Spence Moss, PhD
- Aviad Albert, postdoctoral researcher, University of Cologne
- Jean-Pierre Digard, Directeur de recherche honoraire du CNRS, Paris
- Steve Golin, Professor Emeritus of History, Bloomfield College (NJ)
- Randy Baker, Appellate attorney
- Peter Rosenblum, Professor of International Law and Human Rights, Bard College
- Barbara A. Kidney. Ph.D., NYS Licensed Psychologist in private practice
- Carol Strauss Sotiropoulos, Professor emerita, Northern Michigan University
- Claude Calame, directeur d’études, EHESS, Paris
- Laurie Toner, Activist
- Phyllis Bloom, Chinese Medicine practitioner
- Peter Bohmer, Faculty emeritus, The Evergreen State College
- Adele Cuthbert, Adjunct Professor (retired), Montomery College
- Ellen W. Echeverria, Associate Prof. of Spanish (Retired) George Washington University
- Etienne de la Vaissière, Professor of Central Asian History, EHESS Paris
- Sarah Constantine, Licensed Clinical Psychologist
- Ran Greenstein, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Cheryl Zatuchni, Artist, writer
- Steve Breyman, Retired
- Hal Foster, Towsend Martin ’17 Professor of Art & Archaeology, Princeton University
- Karen Olsen, Writer
- Shirley Crenshaw, Psychotherapist
- Rabbi Ruth Gais
- Cristina Ruotolo, Professor of Humanities, San Francisco State University
- Barbara Niederer, CNRS, France
- Hamid Shahnasser, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, SFSU
- Caterina Guenzi, Associate Professor, EHESS, France
- Thomas Bierschenk, Mainz
- Laura Garcia Moreno, Professor, Humanities and Comparative Literature, SFSU
- Christelle Rabier, Reader, EHESS (France)
- Murat Dinc
- Mojtaba Azadi, Associate Professor, San Francisco State University
- Karen Miller, Environmental steward
- Elodie Richard, researcher (history), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ EHESS
- Michelle Decker, Associate Professor of English, Scripps College
- Masood A. Sheikh, Peace Activist
- Nicolas Sihlé, anthropologist, research fellow at CNRS (France)
- Clara Lecadet, Anthropologist, French National Center for Scientific Research
- Nitzan Lebovic, professor of History, Lehigh University
- Martin Nguyen, Professor of Religious Studies, Fairfield University
- Yohai Hakak, Senior lecturer in social work, Brunel University London
- Sharon Cohen, Assistant Professor of Introduction to Visual Culture, Bezalel Academy of Arts, Theater director
- Nancy C. Arvold, Adjunct Professor of Psychology, California Inst. Integral Studies
- Luca Gabbiani, Professor of Chinese History, EFEO, Paris
- Cristina Ciucu, Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Jewish Thought, EHESS, Paris
- Amy Kilgard, Professor and Chair, Communication Studies, San Francisco State University
- Jo Salas, writer
- Risana Chowdhury, Research Fellow, Binghamton University
- Yarden Dankner, Artist
- Leïla Tazi, retired professor of medecine, Casablanca University
- Arthur Camins, Assessment Specialist, Retired
- Meryem Sebti, Directrice de Recherche CNRS
- Denis Therien, Emeritus Professor, McGill University
- Haim Bresheeth-Zabner, Professorial Research Associate, SOAS
- Catherine Markey, Artist
- Leonard Sklar, Emeritus Professor of Geosciences, San Franciso State University
- Shoshana Dreyfus, Associate Professor, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Nathan Eric Dickman, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of the Ozarks
- Wayne Klug, Professor of Psychology, Berkshire Community College
- J Kirshner, Concerned citizen
- Felicity Figueroa, Community Advocate
- Moshe Adler, Visiting Associate Professor, SUNY Empire
- Nancy Stern, Professor, The City College of New York, CUNY
- Fred Nagel, Retired career counselor, Vassar College
- Irene Small, Associate Professor, Princeton University
- Hana Masud, Adjunct Professor of Psychology, Pacifica Graduate Institute
- Abby M. Schrader, Professor of History, Franklin & Marshall College
- Farzana Jangbarwala
- Reuven Shultz, Peace Now supporter
- Joan Nestle, writer, archivist
- Huw Price, Emeritus Bertrand Russell Professor, Cambridge
- Mieka Polanco, gender-based violence specialist
- Renee Worringer, Professor, University of Guelph
- J. A. Bernstein, Associate Professor of English, University of Southern Mississippi
- Colin Macleod, Professor of Philosophy and Law, University of Victoria
- Aubrey Blecher, Mathematician, University of Witwatersrand
- Thomas Heyd, Lecturer, University of Victoria
- Alison Moore, Associate Professor of English Language & Linguistics, University of Wollongong
- Brian A. Schwartz, PhD, Career & Life Design Psychologist
- Pablo Blitstein, EHESS, Paris
- François Burgat, Former DR CNRS IREMAM (France)
- Hugh Govan, Adjunct Senior Fellow, University of the South Pacific
- Sandra Kloff, Independant marine biologist
- Debbie Becher, Associate Professor of Sociology, Barnard College
- Arie Meidav, US and Israeli concerned citizen
- Andréa Finger, PhD Environment and forestry, consultant, Geneva
- Marie Ladier-Fouladi, demographer and sociologist, senior researcher, CNRS -Paris
- Gildas Salmon, Researcher (Philosophy), CNRS, Paris
- David Pena-Guzman, Associate Professor, SFSU
- Michel Pimbert, Professor Emeritus, Coventry University, UK
- Choleh Chafaie, Professor of Cross Cultural Management, Sorbonne University, France
- Richard David, Professor of Pediatrics, University of Illinois Chicago
- Stephen R. Shalom, Emeritus, Political Science, William Paterson University
- Madeleine Segall-Marx, Sculptor
- Ana Paredes, Professor, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico
- Susan Crosby, National Board Certified Teacher (retired)
- Nasser Mohajer, Independant Historian of Modern Iran
- Alana Roth, Legal Services of the Hudson Valley
- Joy Howse
- Michael R. Jackson, Research Professor, Earlham College
- Satyel Larson, Assistant Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Princeton University
- L. Mullenneaux, Columbia University
- Greg Anderson, Professor of History, Ohio State University
- Colin Anderson, Associate Professor, University of Vermont
- Deborah Garber, Artist
- Karen Walasek, Doctoral Candidate, Prescott College
- Elena Miska, Creative Director
- Alain Jehlen, journalist
- Elena Aoun, Associate professor of International relations, UCLouvain
- John Ehrenberg, Senior Professor Emeritus, Long Island University
- Thoraya Muhammad
- Yair Wallach, Associate Professor in Israeli Studies, SOAS, University of London
- Ceren Baysan, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Toronto
- Shaun Marmon, Associate Professor Religion, Princeton University
- Mary Pampalk, Women in Black
- Barry Trachtenberg, Rubin Presidential Chair of Jewish History, Wake Forest University
- Shira Avni, Associate Professor, Concordia University
- John Newhouse
- Betsy Smith, Retired Professor of ESL
- April Heaslip, Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern New Hampshire University
- Ronnie C. Lesser, Ph. D., psychoanalyst
- Noah Miska, LMSW
- David Laibman, Professor of Economics (Emeritus), City University of New York
- Helen Hughes-Brock, archaeologist, independent scholar, Oxford
- Carl Gelderloos, Associate Professor of German Studies, Binghamton University (SUNY)
- Irene Fellmann, former member of the International Task Force on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research
- Assaf Kfoury, Professor of Computer Science, Boston University
- Patrizia Longo, Professor of Politics, Saint Mary’s College of California
- Helen Brock, archaeologist, Oxford
- Janis Alcorn, Ph.D
- Carlos Canas, Systems Engineer
- Bruce N. Fisk, Professor of Religious Studies, Westmont College (retired)
- Anne C. Bernstein, Professor Emerita, The Wright Institute
- Lynn Sableman
- Preston J. Werner, Senior Lecturer (Philosophy), Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- WD Lemke, Head Librarian (ret) German Institute Oriental Studies Beirut Istanbul
- Doug Tarnopol, Instructional Designer and Private Tutor
- Arturo Marzano, Associate Professor, University of Pisa
- Henning Melber, Extraordinary Professor, University of Pretoria
- Anthony Chase, International relations professor, Occidental College
- Carina Ray, Associate Professor of History, University of Michigan
- Rabbi Suzanne Griffel, Chicago, IL
- Franke Wilmer, University of Colorado
- Manar Sabry
- Daniel Bannoura, PhD candidate, University of Notre Dame
- Christian Chatelain
- Barry Cohen, Associate Dean College of Computing, NJIT (retired)
- Josiane Olff-Nathan, University of Strasbourg, France
- Enzo Traverso, Professor in the Humanities, Cornell University
- Lori Ginzberg, Professor emeritus of History & WGSS, Penn State
- Genie Silver, Ph.D., Former Lecturer, Bryn Mawr College
- Håvar Knutsen, Hematologist
- Farhad Khosrokhavar, Emeritus professor at Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris
- Joan Hazbun, Retired High School teacher
- Jennifer Duskey
- Mark Schafer, Senior Lecturer, University of Massachusetts Boston
- Ilise Cohen, Scholar-Activist
- Connie Sosnoff
- Dean Christ, Pathology Director, Retired
- Brooke Maddux, PhD candidate Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne and MD
- Eugene Epstein, PhD Psychologist
- Henri Picciotto, Math educator
- David Mandel, Human Rights Attorney
- Benjamin Ben-Baruch, Former Jewish educator
- Farouq Shafie, Ph.D, RPh
- Anjali Choksi, Professor, Dawson College, Montreal
- Barbara Eisold, Psychologist, NYU
- David Abram, Director, Alliance for Wild Ethics (AWE)
- Kapil Raj, Professor, EHESS, Paris, France
- Stephen Soldz, Professor, Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis
- Mary Lounsbury, PhD
- Ahmad Ganji, Professor of Engineering, San Francisco State University
- Rob Dalrymple, Director of Determinetruth
- Alma Albert, Art Conservator
- Anthony Gad Bigio, World Bank alumnus
- E. Arnon, Retiree
- George Siemensma
- Eyal Sivan, Filmmaker & independent researcher
- Miriyam Glazer, Rabbi & PhD, Professor Emerita, American Jewish University
- María Hantzopoulos, Professor of Education, Vassar College
- Tatyana Kleyn, Professor of Bilingual Education, The City College of New York, CUNY
- Sam Shuman, Visiting Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Davidson College
- Guy Levi, Art of Learning Innovation
- Leah Even Chorev
- Aria Fani, Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures, University of Washington
- Judith B. Kerman, Ph.D., Professor Emerita of English, Saginaw Valley State University
- Adi M. Ophir, Visiting Professor, Brown University
- Robert Lieberman, Retired teacher
- Anastasia Mann, Lecturer, Princeton University School of Public & International Affairs
- Erica Schoenberg, Ph.D., Psychoanalyst
- Rabbi David Mivasair, Ahavat Olam Synagogue
- Nancy Chien-Eriksen, Professional artist and teacher
- Sherry J Katz, Lecturer Emerita, San Francisco State University
- Robert Ambaras
- Abbas Amanat, William Sumner Professor Emeritus of History, Yale University
- Judith Berlowitz, Mills College, retired
- Anat Biletzki, Albert Schweitzer Professor of Philosophy, Quinnipiac University
- Jeffrey Cooper, retired Professor of History, Claremont McKenna College & Santa Monica College
- Kathy Wazana, Documentary Filmmaker
- Brigitta Schildknecht, Dancer, Singer
- Hamutal Zur, Translator
- Ethel Renate Jaeger, Psychoanalyst
- Derek Brian Gripper, Maths Educator, Cape Town
- Clea McNeely, Research Professor, Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
- Selim Kuru, Associate Professor, University of Washington
- Silvia Helena Lopes Pires, Masters student, EHESS
- David Ozonoff, Professor Emeritus, Boston University School of Public Health
- Christopher Pollmann, Professor of Public Law, Université de Lorraine, France
- Helen Langa, Associate Professor Emerita, American University
- Ramzi Suleiman, Professor Emritus of Psychology and Economics, University of Haifa
- Robert Weinberg, Isaac Clothier Professor of History, Swarthmore College
- Rebecca Garrett, Artist
- Meenal Mamdani, Assistant Professor of Neurology (retd), Loyola University, Chicago
- Adriana Aristizabal
- Sarah Covington, Professor, City University of New York
- Richard W. Franke, Professor Emeritus, Anthropology, Montclair State University
- Suzy C., JVP Atlanta
- Howard Tzvi Adelman, Retired, Director, Jewish Studies, Queen’s University
- Brenda Longfellow, Professor, York University, Toronto
- Sharon Lax, Teacher, Author, Editor
- Nina Nissen, PhD, socio-cultural anthropologist
- Alex Bay, Associate Professor of History, Chapman University
- Bert Terpstra, Mathematician
- Lisa LaSalle, Professor, California State University-Monterey Bay
- Eran Fisher, Associate Professor, The Open University of Israel
- Anders Klemetsen, Professor of Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
- Barbara Regenspan, Emerita Professor of Educational Studies, Colgate University
- Carola Mathers, Psychiatrist (retired)
- Bernd Hummes
- Susanne Krueger-Hummes, Teacher
- Michelle Mason Bizri, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Minnesota
- Francis Kern, Professor (emeritus),Strasbourg University
- Christopher Rose, Assistant Professor and Program Head, History, Our Lady of the Lake University
- Eleanor Friedman, co-founder New Israel Fund
- Gloria Rudolf, Anthropologist, University of Pittsburgh
- Robert Shapiro, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry, Mount Wachusett Community College
- David Getz, Former Principal, NYC Department of Education
- Laura Troutman, MA, Columbia University
- Leslie Schwartz Leff, LICSW, Clinical social worker and educator
- Joy Ladin, Writer
- Margaret Power, Professor Emerita, Illinois Tech
- Mikael Levin, Artist
- Riva Hocherman, Book Editor
- Kees Schepers, Associate Professor of Literature, Antwerp University
- Ronnie C. Lesser, Ph.D., Psychoanalyst
- Joseph Auslander, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, University of Maryland
- Phyllis Ewen, Artist
- Sasha Kuczynski, Lecturer, Communication Studies, California State University, Long Beach
- Marc David, Emeritus professor, Antwerp University
- Robert Cohen, International communication consultant
- Lyn Mehl, Lutheran pastor
- Kiki Munshi, US Foreign Service (retired)
- Rhonda F Levine, Professor of Sociology, Emerita, Colgate University
- Joy Dworkin, Professor of English (ret.), Missouri Southern State University
- A.I. Silver, Dept of History, University of Toronto (ret.)
- Jonathan Graubart, Professor of Political Science, San Diego State University
- Shaker Chuck Farah, Full Professor, University of São Paulo
- Jenny Jones, Teacher
- Cynthia Chris, Professor, College of Staten Island CUNY
- Joel Whitebook, Psychoanalyst, Columbia University
- Jordan Bridges, graduate student of philosophy, Rutgers New Brunswick
- Vanessa Berg, retired, Leines, Norway
- Francesca Morgan, Professor of History, Northeastern Illinois University
- Angela Godfrey-Goldstein, Jerusalem. Actor; human rights & peace activist; painter; writer; teacher (Beit Zvi).
- Marcia G. Yerman, Writer/Artist/Activist
- Lawrence Jacobson, Ph.D., Faculty, W.A. White Institute of Psychoanalysis, NY
- Elizabeth Zoob, Psychotherapist
- Laura Mullen, Writer
- Paul Blain Levy, Reader, University of Birmingham
- Monica Frölander-Ulf, Associate Professor Emerita, University of Pittsburgh Johnstown
- Janine Jones, PhD, UT Austin
- Jonathan Portes, Professor of Economics and Public Policy, King’s College London
- Amanda Minervini, Assistant Professor, Italian Studies, Colorado College
- Stephanie Buechler, Associate Research Professor, Penn State College
- O. Nigel Bolland, Professor of Sociology and Caribbean Studies, emeritus, Colgate University
- Zachary Levenson, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Florida International University
- Joseph Schmitz, Associate Professor, emeritus, Western Illinois University; Retired USAF pilot
- Richard Ganulin, Civil Rights Lawyer
- Saeb Rawashdeh, Editor of International news, The Jordan Times
- Bernhard Klinghammer, medical doctor
- Einor Cervone, Associate curator, Denver Art Museum
- Erika Shea, Family Nurse Practitioner
- Simkha Y. Weintraub, Retired Rabbinic Director, Jewish Board of Family and Children’s Services, New York
- Nathan Nossal, Toyama Prefectural University Department of Engineering
- Mohammed Nachtaoui, Professor, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco
- Nelson Kasfir, Professor of Government Emeritus, Dartmouth College
- Mona Acker, Professor Emerita, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Katherine McCaffrey, Professor of Anthropology, Montclair State University
- Julie Diamond, Retired New York City elementary school teacher and adjunct professor, CCNY
- J. Mark Davidson, Voices for Justice in Palestine
- Gregory Randall, Professor, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
- Hester Eisenstein, Professor Emerita, City University of New York
- Maynard Seider, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
- Thomas Jay Lynn, Associate Professor of English, Penn State Berks
- Julio A. Urbina, Emeritus Investigator, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC)
- Janet Theophano, retired Assistant Professor of Folklore, University of Pennsylvania
- Norbert Hornstein, Professor Emeritus of Linguistics, University of Maryland College Park
- Marion Werner, Professor of Geography, University at Buffalo, SUNY
- Joel Weisberg, Stark Prof. Emeritus of Physics & Astronomy, Carleton College, MN
- Lisa Schlesinger, Playwright and librettist
- Nick White, Albion Systems
- Jules Mermelstein, Jewish educator
- Benjamin N Schiff, Emeritus Professor of Politics and International Law, Oberlin College
- Mohammad Afzal Shadab, Graduate Student and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Graduate Fellow
- Hossein Akhlaghpour, ML Engineer
- Sarah Romano, Associate Professor of Political Science and Global Studies, Lesley University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Gloria Young, Public Anthropologist
- Richard Van Dellen, retired physician
- Azita Yazdani, Engineer
- Vahid Akbari, Assistant Professor of AI, University of Stirling
- Mina Tavakolzadeh, Graduate Student
- Tolga Turan, Principal Scientist
- Nafisa Tanjeem, Associate Professor, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Worcester State University
- Vinodha Joly, Psychotherapist, Ex-Computer Engineer
- Koohyar Minoo, Philanthropist
- Sajay Samuel, Clinical Professor of Accounting, Penn State University
- Jonathan Miran, Professor of History, Western Washington University
- Tom Buffo
- Jane Ariel, Psychologist
- Mazi Taghivand, Technologist
- Miriyam Glazer, Rabbi & PhD, Professor Emerita, American Jewish University
- Jonathan Preminger, Senior Lecturer in Management, Cardiff University
- Millet Treinin, Associate Professor, Hebrew University
- Gloria Burd
- Adam Wilkins, Guest Scientist, Institute of Theoretical Biology, Humbold Universität zu Berlin
- Nadav Assor, Associate Professor of Studio Art, Connecticut College
- Hossein Renani, Professional Engineer
- Gideon Freudenthal, Prof (em.), Tel Aviv University
- Sara Carmeli, Ph.D
- Zameer Katwal, IT Engineer at Hexaware Technologies
- Mireille Gleizes, Pianist
- Emily McDonald, Researcher/Policy Officer
- Cham Morad
- Marco Garrone, Emergency Physician
- Ashish Kothari, Researcher, Pune, India
- Farhan Humayun, Institute of Space Technology
- Mahdi Razavi, Brain Scientist
- Selma Hasimbegovic, Ophthalmologist, Cataract surgeon
- Ruth Luschnat, Case worker, Berlin
- Véroniquqe Nahoum-Grappe, chercheure en sciences sociales Paris
- Francesca Klug, Visiting Professor, LSE Human Rights
- Martin Adel, Ass.Prof. of Soc.& Cult. Studies, Univ. Vienna
- Suliman AlFayoumi, Principal Clinical Pharmacology Consultant
- Lejla Zametica, Physician
- Deirdre Ruscitti Harshman, Assistant Professor of History, Christopher Newport University
- Jerome Bourdon, Professor of Communication, Tel Aviv University, Associate Researcher, Paris 2 University
- Kurt Bader, PhD
- Richard Pennington
- Kirsten Leefhelm, Psychoanalyst
- Shahryar Gheibi, Associate Professor of Business Analytics, Siena College
- Vincent Bonin, Associate Professor, Catholic University of Leuven
- Kavita Ramdas, Visiting Professor, Princeton University, School of Public and International Affairs
- Françoise Willmann, enseignant-chercheur émérite, Université de Lorraine
- Isabel Casimiro, Associate Professor, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique
- Richard Temple, Archivist
- Leah Hager Cohen, Barrett Professor of Creative Writing, College of the Holy Cross
- Naomi Guttman, Professor of Literature and Creative Writing, Hamilton College
- W Bruce Benson, Chaplain, retired, St. Olaf College
- Gerald Hoekstra, Professor Emeritus of Music, St. Olaf College
- Nicole Morse, Associate Professor, Florida Atlantic University
- Natasha Zaretsky, Professor of History, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Amirhosein Vedadi, Researcher, University of Tehran
- Nausikaä El-Mecky, Assistant Professor of Art History, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
- Anna Moltchanova, Professor of Philosophy, Carleton College
- Sandra Rousseau, Associate Professor of Francophone Studies, Carleton College
- Samia Rachid, Master of Science Student & Frontend Developer
- Gretchen Willging, retired, Community College of Baltimore County
- Jonathan Lebolt, PhD, Psychoanalyst
- Brett Johnson, University of Strasbourg
- Sebastian Brock, emeritus, Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Oxford University
- Christine Ho, Professor Emeritus, Fielding Graduate University
- Joseph Levine, Professor of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Rowland Selame, Psychologist
- Asjad Yahya, Finance Professional
- Rabbi Sheila Peltz Weinberg
- Kenneth Barnes, M.D., Jewish Voice for Peace
- Kathleen Engel, Research Professor of Law, Suffolk University
- Anita Chikkatur, Professor of Educational Studies, Carleton College
- Linda Mokdad, Associate Professor, St. Olaf College
- Margaret Beissinger, Research Scholar/Lecturer, Slavic Languages & Literatures, Princeton University
- Aaron Katz, Principal Lecturer Emeritus, University of Washington School of Public Health
- Nastaran Zadeh, Data Scientist
- Lisa Gray
- Matthew J. Scholtes, Tactile Manager, Audio & Braille Literacy Enhancement
- E David Emery, Emeritus Prof. St. Olaf College
- Howard Johnson, Professor of history and Black American Studies, University of Delaware, Emeritus
- Alireza Amini, Structural Engineer
- Asher Fried, Political Science
- Simon Robins, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Applied Human Rights, University of York
- Charles Ayash, Jazz Musician
- Linda Bevis, ELL Teacher, North Seattle College
- Zeynab Sh
- Neil Vickers, Professor of English, King’s College London
- David Howard, Robert Burns Fellow 2013, Otago University
- Sara Avery, Violinist
- Alice Holemans, Activist
- Frieda Afary, Iranian American librarian, translator, author, Los Angeles
- Hila Lernau
- Kiarash Farahmand, PhD in Geological Engineering
- Iacovos Psaltis, Dr. of Professional Studies in Educational Management
- Jon Simons, Retired academic, UK
- Martha Schoolman, Associate Professor of English, Florida International University
- Gösta Hellström, Senior lecturer in Medical Engineering, Karolinska Institutet
- Jette Braun
- William P Mitchell, Professor Emeritus, Monmouth University
- Mark Hudson, Retired Librarian, Pittsburgh, PA, US
- Juliane Schicker, Associate Professor of German, Carleton College
- Al Kagan, Professor of Library Administration Emeritus, University of Illinois
- Hamid Rategh, Technologist
- Jeremy Ironside, Rural Development consultant
- Kristofer J. Petersen-Overton, History and Society, Babson College
- Takashi Nakamura, Mathematics Instructor, British Columbia Institute of Technology
- Stan Smith Professor Emeritus in English, Nottingham Trent University, UK
- Alan Munton, Honorary Research Fellow, University of Exeter, UK
- Allan Kulikoff, Emeritus History Professor University of Georgia
- Karen Adler, Historian and psychotherapist
- Ellen W. Echeverria, (Ret.) Associate Professor of Spanish, George Washington University
- Werner Lange, Retired professor
- Peri Levin McKenna
- Laura Punnett, Professor Emerita of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Mohammad Akbarsha
- Fred Block, Professor of Sociology, UC Davis
- Thalia Drori Ramirez, Lecturer, CLA, University of Minnesota
- Jennifer Yanco, Research Affiliate, Boston University African Studies Center
- Elisabeth Waingrow, Social worker
- Patricia Eakins, Fiction writer and author
- Isabel Sobral Campos, Teaching Professor, Northeastern University
- Subash Bastola, Ground Control Engineer, Vale Base Metals
- Carolina Franco, Clinical Psychologist
- Iveta Jusova, Professor of GWSS, Carleton College
- Bob Heymann
- Bea Dewing
- Alan Feigenberg
- René Jean, Teacher
- Pedro Saadé-Lloréns, Adjunct Prof., Environmental Law Clinic , University of Puerto Rico Law School
- Angela Guerrero
- Jazzie Terrell, PhD student
- Rev Dr E-K Daufin, author of On Fat And Faith
- Tony Litwinko, Retired
- Giovanna Scruby, Artist
- Itay Zutra, Instructor, University of Manitoba
- Anand Patwardhan, Filmmaker
- Lawrence Marceau, Senior Lecturer (ret.), University of Auckland
- Mark Charles Rosenzweig, Retired university librarian and archivist
- Perrine Olff-Rastegar, UJFP et CJACP
- Jeffrey Cooper, Professor emeritus, Santa Monica College
- Jodie Evans, co-founder CODEPINK
- Nils Wauschkuhn, Physicist, Berlin
- Mourad Zerroug, Ph.D., Technology Executive, Los Angeles CA
- Mary Ford, Ret. Psychology Professor, Vocalist, Philanthropist
- Dr. Penny Rosenwasser, Interdisciplinary Studies, City College of San Francisco
- Eric Leonard, Research Director, French Institute for Development Research
- Daryl Glaser, Professor of Political Studies, University of Witwatersrand
- Tanya Ury, Artist, writer, activist
- Frank Stappaerts
- Adam Farhi
- Hans Martin Seip, Professor emeritus, University of Oslo
- Sergio Couto, Universidad de Granada
- John Halle, Composer & pianist
- Ofer Neiman, Translator
- Mehdi Ebrahimzadeh
- Shai Ginsburg, Associate Professor, Duke University
- Maya Rosenfeld, Sociologist, Hebrew University and Sapir College
- Paul Sein Twa, Defender of Environmental and Indigenous Peoples Rights, Burma/Myanmar
- Ron Amit
- Catherine Raphael, Artist & Writer
- Sandro Ventura, Psychiatrist
- Ellen Goldfinch, Retired Librarian
- John Munro, Lecturer in History, University of Birmingham
- David Cannon, Chair of Jewish Network for Palestine (UK)
- B.H. Yael, Professor, OCAD University
- Jacqueline Goldman, Project Director, Brown University
- Pfefferkorn Roland, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Strasbourg
- Ari Zighelboim, Retired, Tulane University
- Peggy L Curchack, Retired career advisor, University of Pennsylvania
- Ellen L. Dohmen, Chair of Racial Justice Book Group, Bar Harbor, MaineGroup, Bar Harbor, Maine
- Heather McLaughlin, Assistant Professor of Art Therapy, Concordia University
- Georgia Berner
- Janet Penn, Activist
- Muhammad Ali, Muslim American Poet and Mental Health Therapist
- Mary Stranahan, Retired medical doctor
- Amittai Aviram, Associate Professor of Computer Science, Boston College
- Rahel Daniela Schneider
- Karen Miyares, Retired clergy and social worker
- Gabriel Smith, Architect & Artist
- Shawn Fremstad, Director of Law & Political Economy, CEPR
- Margaret Newell
- Regina Birchem, Ph.D., Independent Scholar
- Meera Sehgal, Associate Professor of Sociology, Carleton College
- Kevin Bruyneel, Professor of Politics, Babson College
- Georgina McAllister, Asst. Prof, Centre for Agroecology, Water & Resilience. Coventry University
- Helene Klodawsky, Documentary Filmmaker
- Brian Rothberg, Teacher
- Lubna Mian, Adjunct Professor of Law, Penn Carey Law School
- Louette Colombano
- Reine Meylaerts, Professor, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Philippe Lavigne Delville, Anthropologist, Institut de recherche pour le développement, France
- Keith P. Feldman, Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies, UC Berkeley
- Elizabeth King , Ordained Minister, United Church of Christ
- Stephen Benson, Psychologist
- James Holden, Retired Professor of Education, St. Olaf College
- Pietro Calabretta, Artist and PhD candidate
- Ian Mutchnick, Assistant Professor, Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Louisville
- Ondine Rarey, Adjunct Professor of Documentary Editing, Chapman University
- Loraine Chiarello
- Lisa Schneier, Professor of Education, Emmanuel College
- Diane Halcoussis, Instructor
- Marie-Christine Skuncke, Emerita Professor of Literature, Uppsala University
- Maia Ettinger, Author and Translator
- Sandra Dijkstra, Literary Agent
- Elise Capron, Literary Agent
- Sabine Huppert, Writer
- Nicholas Van Orden, Publishing Professional
- Julia Stein, Writer & Editor
- Heide Estes, Professor of English, Monmouth University (NJ)
- Leonard Robbins, Professor Emeritus, Michigan State University, Professor (retired), Università degli Studi di Siena
- Moslem Noori, PhD, Principal scientist
- Patricia C Vener-Saavedra, Artist and Assistant Adjunct Professor UMUC, Emerita
- Mark Curchack, Assistant Professor of Anthropology (Retired), Arcadia University
- Judith Aistleitner, Teacher
- Jennifer Birkett, Emeritus Professor, Birmingham University UK
- Alicia Koutsoulieris
- Thao Le, Literary Agent, Sandra Dijkstra Literary Agency
- Hanna Noreiks
- Louise Antony, Professor of Philosophy Emerita, University of Massachusetts
- Michelle Melanson, MSW, RSW, Psychotherapist
- Dena S. Davis, Professor Emerita, Religion Studies, Lehigh University
- Rani Lill Anjum, Researcher of Philosophy, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
- Andrew Klatt, Lecturer in Romance Studies (retired), Tufts University
- Carla Harryman, Poet and Professor of English, Eastern Michigan University
- Elena Rivera, Poet & Translator
- Donna Baines, Professor & Former Director, Social Work, University of British Columbia
- B. Jurdant, Université Paris Cité
- Lois B. Watson, Professor Emerita of French Studies, Middlebury College
- Anne Mullen, Reading Specialist
- Sayera Hossain, Construction Project Manager
- Ellen Oxfeld, Professor of Anthropology, Middlebury College
- Britta Boyer PhD, Loughborough University, London
- LJ White, Assistant Professor of Core Studies, Boston Conservatory at Berklee
- Alfred Horsley, Musician
- Shannon Still
- Harriet Lipowitz, Retired instructor of English as a Second Language
- Laurie Essig, Professor, Middlebury College
- Derek D’Sa, Retired Faculty, Cal State Northridge
- Peter Ford, Assistant Professor of Islamic Studies (retired), Near East School of Theology, Beirut
- Yuniya Edi Kwon, Lecturer and Arts Fellow, Princeton University
- Yumna Siddiqi, Associate Professor of English, Middlebury College
- Sandra Folzer, Professor (retired), Community College of Philadelphia
- Michael Gnat, Actor & Academic Editor
- Amit Prakash, VAP of Global Studies, Middlebury College
- Daniel F. Silva, Associate Professor of Luso-Hispanic Studies and Black Studies, Middlebury College
- Merrick Rossein Professor of Law, City University of New York School of Law
- Judah Adashi, Faculty, Johns Hopkins University
- Dr. Lauren Whitmer, University of Michigan
- Patricia Saunders, Poet, Editor, Teacher, Seattle
- Kristin Hanson, Professor of English, University of California, Berkeley
- Nawal El Meouchi, Political activist
- Neda Shahidi, Principal Investigator in Neuroscience, University of Goettingen
- Samir Okasha, Professor of Philosophy, University of Bristol
- Molly Holshouser, Nurse Practitioner
- Birgitte Rahbek, Cultural Sociologist
- Benjamin Fasching-Gray, Academic Librarian
- María del Mar Sánchez Vivancos, Teacher
- Susan DeSimone, Associate Laboratory Professor, Middlebury College
- Iris Hefets, Psychoanalyst, JVP-Germany
- K. Cyr, Interlibrary Loan Associate
- Kari Wolfe Borni, Dance Scholar, Middlebury College
- David Comedi, Principal Researcher and Associate Professor of Physics, National University of Tucumán, Argentina
- Marion Wells, Professor of English
- Adrian R. Lewis, Professor, University of Kansa
- Eryk Stacy, Lecturer, retired, Mechanical Engineering at CSU Fullerton
- Loren Halfon
- Kirsten K. Coe, Assistant Professor of Biology, Middlebury College
- Jonathan E. Hill, Professor Emeritus of English, St Olaf College
- Pauline Dishler, Healthcare worker
- M. Eleanor Nevins, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Middlebury College
- Sarah Rogers, Visiting Assistant of History of Art and Architecture, Middlebury College
- Adriana Estill, M.A. and A.D. Hulings Professor of American Studies and English, Carleton College
- Rachel Price, Associate Professor of Spanish & Portuguese, Princeton University
- Aisha Shah
- Erica Fischer, Author
- Kambiz GhaneaBassiri, Professor of Religion, Carleton College
- Hugo Ceron-Anaya, Associate Professor Sociology, Lehigh University
- Rachael Joo, Associate Professor, American Studies
- Russell Vandenbroucke, Professor Emeritus, University of Louisville
- Carlos Davidson, Professor Emeritus, San Francisco State University
- Andrew Shapiro, PhD Candidate, City University of New York
- Marilyn Bronstein, Artist
- Michal Givoni, Senior Lecturer in political theory, Ben Gurion University
- Darcy Copeland, Harvard University, PhD student & composer
- Richard Ruppel, English Professor, Chapman University
- W. Russell Anderson, Architect
- Mohammad Jarrahi, Associate Professor, UNC Chapel Hill
- Marcella Durand, Poet
- Anat Matar, Senior Lecturer, Philosophy Department, Tel Aviv University
- Revital Madar, Postdoctoral Fellow, European University Institute
- Alexandra Brown, Artist, UK
- Oded Na’aman, Senior Lecturer, Hebrew University
- Ali Moalem, Assistant Professor of Radiology, Columbia University
- Rabbi Brian Walt, Rabbi Emeritus, Mishkan Shalom
- Fareed Munir, Professor of Religious Studies, Siena College
- Annette Feld, Psychoanalyst, New Lacanian School, WAP
- Caglayan Baser, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Syracuse University
- George Dameron, Emeritus Professor of History, Saint Michael’s College
- Haneen Zoabi, Activist
- Martha Sweezy, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School
- Dale Mendoza, Children’s book author
- Jocelyn Leitzinger, Assistant Professor, University of Illinois Chicago
- Mahd Zarghami, University of Tehran
- Phd, K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Lauren Newhouse
- Misagh Parsa, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Dartmouth College
- Mahmood Monshipouri, Professor of International Relations, San Francisco State University
- Ali Akbar Mahdi, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Ohio Wesleyan University
- Mojtaba Taiebat, PhD, Sr. Technical Program Manager AWS
- Cyrus Bina, Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Minnesota
- Valentine M. Moghadam, Professor of Sociology and International Affairs, Northeastern University, Boston
- Ali Ahmad, Tehran university
- Mahmood Hakak, Professor of Theatre, Siena College
- Himmat Zoubi, Researcher, EUME, Berlin
- Lynellyn Long, Humanitarian worker
- Yasmeen Daher, Academic
- Vasuki Nesia, Professor of Human Rights and International Law, The Gallatin School, NYU
- Ahmed Abbes, Mathematician, Paris
- Niv Perelsztejn, PhD Candidate, Haifa University
- Jamal Mimouni, Astrophysics Professor, Univ. of Constantine, Algeria
- Orna Rinat, Journalist of animals rights, “Haaretz”
- Ronen Wolf
- Lily Truabmann, Feminist
- Udi Adiv, PhD, Open University
- Yossi Wolfson, Teaching Associate, Tel Aviv University
- Bilha Golan Sundermann
- Michal Braier, Urban Planner and Researcher, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Ron Naiweld, Resercher, CNRS-EHESS
- Keren Assaf, Graduate assistant, University of New Mexico
- Sonia Dayan-Herzbrun, Professor Emerita, Université Paris Cité
- Mahmoud Sadri, Professor of Sociology, Texas Women’s University
- Michael Cooper, Professor of Pediatric Cardiology (retired), UCSF-Benioff Children’s Hospital
- Hannah Safran, Haifa Feminist Institute
- Catherine Goldstein, Director of research at the CNRS, Paris
- Arlene Richman, Artist
- Sara Moreno, Special Education Teacher
- Shir Alon, Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern Studies, UMN
- Ophira Gamliel, Lecturer in South Asian Religions, University of Glasgow
- Jennifer Tomkins, Donor and activist
- Dania Thomas, Assistant Professor, Glasgow University
- Charkles E. Jones, Tombros Librarian for Classics and Humanities, Penn State University
- Giovanni Picker, Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Glasgow (UK)
- Ben Fulford, Senior Lecturer in Theology, University of Chester
- Marcelo Svirsky, Senior Lecturer, University of Wollongong
- Netta Naaman, Curator
- Yazid Ben Hounet, CNRS Researcher, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale
- Dee Horne, Professor Emerita, University of Northern British Columbia
- Dana Lloyd, Assistant Professor of Global Interdisciplinary Studies, Villanova University
- Grant Freeman, Musician
- Alexandra O’Brien, Former Adjunct Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Studies, University of Chicago
- Jay Weber, Adjunct Faculty, Wentworth Institute of Technology
- Nadav Amir, Postdoctoral Fellow, Princeton University
- Abraham Mizrachi
- Tom Pessah, Sociologist
- William Kumbier, Professor Emeritus, Missouri Southern State University
- Andrea Schafer
- Uri Bitan
- Tamir Swissa, Teaching Assistant, Tel Aviv University
- Daniel Falk, Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Penn State University
- Max Likin, Board member, Freedom Education Project Puget Sound
- Michael Stuart, Lecturer in Philosophy, University of York
- Yiftach Starick, Musician
- Haim Yacobi, Professor of Development Planning, University Colllege London
- Shlomit Ferguson , Psychotherapist, NI
- Itamar Haritan, Doctoral candidate, Cornell University
- Maria Stepanov, Activist
- Atiyeh Vahidmanesh, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Tehran
- Annick Suzor-Weiner, Professor Emeritus, University Paris-Saclay, Mare Nostrum Prize, French Commission for UNESCO
- Galit Ferguson, Psychotherapist, London
- Ira Kontorovsky, Clinical Psychologist
- Le Page, Museum Educator
- Richard Mynick, ER Physician (retired)
- Arie Meidav, Concerned US and Israeli citizen
- Eva Wohllaib, Psychotherapist
- Michel Volovitch, Professor emeritus, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris
- Claire Jones, Zimfest Coordinator
- Rich Siegel, free-lance musician and music educator
- Sophie Vriz, Professor, Université Paris Cité
- Johanna Sellman, Associate Professor of Arabic Literature, The Ohio State University
- Maor Zeev-Wolf, Assistant Professor, Ben Gurion University, Israel
- Esti Micenmacher
- Leah Yael Levy, Teaching Artist
- Ertan Salik, Professor of Physics, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
- Esther Rapoport, Psychologist
- Brenda Griffith-Williams, Honorary Research Associate, Department of Greek and Latin, University College London
- Andrea Cherez, Engaged Citizen
- Rowland A Selame, Psychologist
- Charles Hawksley, PhD, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Irus Braverman, Professor of Law, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
- Alan Thompson, Photographer
- Neve Gordon, Professor of human rights and humanitarian law, Queen Mary University of London; Vice President of the British Society for Middle East Studies
- Itamar Shachar, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Hasselt University, Belgium
- Tamar Schneider, Lecturer of Philosophy
- Gwendolyn Simmons, Professor Emerita, University of Florida
- Anat Greenstein, Disability Studies Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
- Jim Ritter, Sorbonne Université
- Jason Sumich, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Essex
- Ree Wells-Lewis, Professor of Sociology, Missouri Southern State University
- Susan Roberta Katz, Professor Emerita, University of San Francisco
- Neil Turok, Higgs Chair of Theoretical Physics, University of Edinburgh
- Uri Horesh, Lecturer in Arabic, University of St Andrews
- Joan Meier, National Family Violence Law Center Professor of Clinical Law, George Washington University Law School
- Steven J. Heyman, Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Tech
- Stephen Roddy, Professor, University of San Francisco
- Harriet Lipowitz, English as a Second Language Instructor (retired)
- Alexandra Lazerow
- Maria Llisterri Alvarez, HO Export Control Investigations, Airbus
- Hossein Kamlay, Professor of Interreligious Studies, Hartford International University for Religion and Peace
- Yohai Hakak, Senior Lecturer in Social Work, Brunel University
- Mireille Vaucoret
- Yasmine Halevi, Translator
- Manuel Rosaldo, Assistant Professor of Labor Relations, Pennsylvania State University
- Noga Kadman
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- Tom Twiss, Faculty emeritus, retired librarian, University of Pittsburgh
- Aline Hitti, Associate Professor, University of San Francisco
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מתחת לרדאר: איראן שואפת לתפקיד ממתן באזור
על אף הרטוריקה הלוחמנית, המשטר האיראני יודע להפגין פרגמטיות גם בזירה הפנימית וגם בזו הבינלאומית כדי לבסס את מעמדו כמעצמה אזורית. מאז 7 באוקטובר איראן מאותתת על רצונה לשמש גורם ממתן. מן הראוי שישראל לא תפסול את האפשרות על הסף
מאת: ליאור שטרנפלד9.1.2024
היריבות בין ישראל לאיראן, האיומים ההדדיים ומלחמות הפרוקסי והסייבר בין השתיים הפכו לכל כך ברורים מאליהם, עד שדומה כי אין צורך לבחון אם קיימת אופציה אחרת. בחיבור קצר זה אני מבקש לבחון את ההתנהלות והמדיניות של איראן מזווית שונה, תוך התמקדות במעשים במקום ברטוריקה.
איראן היא מעצמה אזורית ותפיסתה את עצמה ממקמת אותה כמעצמה במזרח התיכון, בעולם המוסלמי ובעולם דובר הפרסית (שכולל את אפגניסטן, טג’יקיסטן, אזרבייג’ן, ונושק להודו, פקיסטן ועוד). היא איננה מעצמה יחידה ולא מתיימרת להיות כזו, אבל היא כן מעוניינת במעמד גבוה יותר.
למרות שלכאורה הוא מגדיר במובן רחב את המחנה שלה, העימות בן 45 השנים בין איראן למערב לא משרת את המטרות של איראן, שמנסה תדיר לפרוץ מבעד למעגלים שמגבילים אותה, ללא קשר לזהות הנשיא המכהן בארה”ב. גם בהקשר של ישראל, המדיניות המוצהרת של הרפובליקה האסלאמית משאירה פתח למרחב תמרון. כך למשל, פעמים רבות, מממשל רפסנג’אני ועד ממשל רוחאני, בכירים איראנים טענו שאם הפלסטינים יגיעו להסכם שיהיה מקובל על כל הפלגים, הם (האיראנים) לא יישאו את דגל המאבק הפלסטיני. כאשר ארגון שיתוף הפעולה האסלאמי אימץ ב-2005 את יוזמת השלום של הליגה הערבית מ-2002, איראן נמנעה ולא התנגדה. עמדתה נעה בין קבלת עמדת הליגה הערבית לבין יוזמת “משאל העם” בין כל יושבי ישראל/פלסטין לגבי פתרון הקבע. כל עוד פתרון כזה לא התקבל, איראן, אמרו בכיריה, תמשיך לתמוך בארגוני התנגדות פלסטינית חמאס והג’יהאד האסלאמי הפלסטיני.
הגמישות הרעיונית היא גם זו שהובילה את המגעים להסכם הגרעין מ-2013 ועד חתימתו ב-2015. המטרה האיראנית הייתה להסיר את הסנקציות שהגבילו מאוד את יכולתה לשקם את הכלכלה ולהרחיב את המסחר. ב-2015 עוד דובר על היום הקרב, שבו ייפתחו מחדש שגרירות איראן בשדרות מסצ’וסטס בוושינגטון והשגרירות האמריקאית בטהראן. ההמשך, כידוע, היה בחירתו של טראמפ ויציאת ארה”ב מהסכם הגרעין, עד להתפוררותו המוחלטת.
בתקופת טראמפ היה ניסיון להגדיר בבירור את המחנה הפרו-אמריקאי (והאנטי-איראני) מחד ואת המחנה האיראני מנגד, כאשר זירות המאבק העיקריות היו תימן ולבנון. הדברים הגיעו אף לכדי ירי טילים איראנים על מתקני נפט סעודים ב-2019. באווירה זו, ממשל טראמפ קידם את הסכמי אברהם, שחתרו לנורמליזציה בין ישראל למדינות ערב, בהן איחוד האמירויות, בחריין, מרוקו וסודאן, כדרך לבלום את השפעתה של איראן. המהלך קיבל את ברכת הדרך הסעודית, שבעצמה נמנעה מלהצטרף בשל עמדתה המסורתית שהסכם ישראלי-סעודי יבוא רק לאחר פתרון הסכסוך בין ישראל לפלסטין.
ניסיונותיו של ביידן, שנכנס לבית הלבן בינואר 2021, חודשים ספורים לפני סוף כהונת רוחאני באיראן, להחיות את הסכם הגרעין, עלו בתוהו. ביוני 2021 איברהים ראיסי, השמרן הקיצוני (הידוע בכינויו “התליין מטהראן”, בשל תפקידו כסגן התובע הכללי בהוצאות להורג ההמוניות בשנת 1988) נבחר לנשיאות, במה שנראה כמסר ברור למערב שהניסיונות לפיוס דיפלומטי תמו. כך נתפסו הדברים בישראל, ארה”ב ובמערב בכלל. חשוב לציין שמעל הבחירות שבהן ניצח ראיסי ריחפה עננה של אי-לגיטימיות, שכן במהלכן נפסל כל מועמד שאינו שמרן מובהק, מה שהוביל לירידה חדה בשיעור המצביעים לעומת כל מערכת בחירות קודמת, אל מתחת ל-50 אחוז.
ממשל ראיסי ספג מכה קשה בעקבות המחאות ההמוניות שפרצו באיראן בספטמבר 2022 במחאה על מותה של מהסא ז’ינא אמיני בזמן מעצרה על ידי משטרת המוסר. ההפגנות, שנמשכו כחצי שנה, נראו בשלב מסוים ככאלה שיכולות להביא להתמוטטות המשטר האיראני. לבסוף, המשטר הצליח להכיל ולבלום את ההפגנות, חוקי החיג’אב כבר לא נאכפים כבעבר, משהו השתנה בהבנת המשטר את הדינמיקה בינו לבין העם. שרידות המשטר חייבה לנקוט צעדים על מנת ליצור דינמיקה חדשה ולזכות בלגיטימיות שאיבד.
לפיכך, ראיסי ביקש לחדש את שיחות הגרעין כדי להביא להסרת הסנקציות ולהישגים שיעזרו בשימור המשטר. במסגרת השיחות המחודשות, שוחררו אסירים אמריקאים עם אזרחות איראנית כפולה ובתמורה הופשרו נכסים איראנים בשווי 6 מיליארד דולר. תחת מטרייה דיפלומטית סינית, איראן חידשה יחסים דיפלומטיים עם סעודיה ויישרה הדורים עם בחריין ועם איחוד האמירויות, חתמה על הסכם לשיתוף פעולה כלכלי עם סין ל-25 שנה, ובקיץ 2023 הוזמנה להצטרף לברית הכלכלית ה-BRICS (הברית ה”מתחרה” ל-G7, וכוללת את החברות המייסדות ברזיל, רוסיה, הודו, סין ודרום אפריקה, לצד מצרים, אתיופיה, איחוד האמירויות וסעודיה). היו שראו בכך סימן להתקרבות של סעודיה ואיחוד האמירויות למחנה האיראני; אך האם לא ניתן לראות את זה דווקא כהתקרבות איראנית ל”ציר הלא איראני”?
להבנתי, מתקפת 7 באוקטובר באה לאיראן בעיתוי גרוע מאוד, שבו היתה אמורה להסכים עם ארה”ב על מתווה חדש לשיחות הגרעין ובמקום זאת מצאה עצמה בעמדת מגננה בינלאומית בשל מתקפת חמאס.
ב-12 באוקטובר דווח בתקשורת הישראלית על ביקור שר החוץ האיראני, חוסיין אמיר עבדאללהיאן, בלבנון, “בצל איומיהם של חיזבאללה הלבנוני וגדודי חיזבאללה העיראקיים, שניהם ארגונים בני חסות של טהראן, להתערב במלחמה”. מטעם שגריר איראן בלבנון נמסר כי “לאור האירועים הפלסטיניים הנוכחיים, הפשעים נגד האנושות שמתבצעים בעזה והשלכותיהם מסוכנות, מסע הדילוגים של שר החוץ באזור יחל היום”, כלומר, לפי דיווח זה והערכות מהימים שקדמו לביקור, איראן באה לתאם או לעודד את חיזבאללה לפעול נגד ישראל. אני סבור שראוי לבחון את הביקור דווקא ככזה שמבקש למנוע מחיזבאללה מלהצטרף למלחמה ובכך להיגרר למלחמה אזורית. כיום, ממרחק של שלושה חודשים אנו רואים שבעוד שמתקיים עימות צבאי מוגבל בין חיזבאללה לישראל, לא נרשמה כניסה למלחמה במלוא העוצמה כפי שהעריכו פרשנים צבאיים ומדיניים. כלומר, לצד לחצים מתוך החברה והמערכת האזרחית הלבנונית, ייתכן מאוד שאיראן שימשה דווקא כגורם מרסן.
בולטות בהיעדרן גם הפגנות ענק נגד ישראל או בעד פלסטין באיראן. למרות מפגן תמיכה במג’לס (הפרלמנט האיראני) בעד חמאס ופלסטין, הציבור האיראני, לא בפעם הראשונה, מזהה את המאבק הפלסטיני כמטרה של המשטר ואף ככלי להסחת דעת ופופוליזם זול. למעט הפגנות ספורדיות, נרשמה אדישות שמתחברת לעוינות הציבורית הכללית נגד המשטר. במספר משחקי כדורגל בליגה הבכירה צולמו סרטונים שהפכו לוויראליים, שבהם אוהדים שרו בעת הצגת הדגל הפלסטיני: “תדחפו אותו [את הדגל] לתחת שלכם”, או צעקו במשחק אחר בזמן דקת הדומייה לזכר קורבנות עזה. ידידי, ד”ר רז צימט, תיאר במאמר באתר “וואלה” את המתרחש סביב תוכנית אקטואליה בנושא הפלסטיני בטלוויזיה האיראנית, שהפכה לזירת התנגשויות בין זרמים פוליטיים.
“כל האופציות על השולחן”. האמנם?
על רקע זה אני מבקש להסב את תשומת הלב לדבריו של שר החוץ האיראני באו”ם ב-26 באוקטובר. עבדאללהיאן אמר שאיראן מעוניינת למנוע את הידרדרות המצב, “ובהתבסס על מאמצינו האחרונים, אנו מוכנים למלא תפקיד רציני יותר במקרה הזה. בהקשר זה, תנועת השחרור חמאס הודיעה על הסכמתה לשחרר בני ערובה לא צבאיים, ואיראן, טורקיה וקטר מוכנות לקחת תפקיד במשימה ההומניטרית החשובה הזו. כמובן ש[משימת] שחרור 6,000 אסירים פלסטינים מידי המשטר הכובש תהיה באחריות ארה”ב”.
איני טוען שצריך לקבל את דבריו ללא ביקורת, אולם לכל הפחות היה ראוי להגיב ואולי אף לבחון את כנות דבריו. ככל הידוע, הממשלה היחידה שביקשה להסתייע בהצעת איראן לתיווך היתה הממשלה התאילנדית, ועובדה היא שהאזרחים התאילנדים שוחררו ללא תמורה. ב-12 בדצמבר אמר עבדאללהיאן בז’נבה כי ישראל וארה”ב לעולם לא תוכלנה למחות את חמאס, ושישראל תוכל להבטיח את שחרור בני הערובה רק חלק מפתרון פוליטי לסכסוך כולו. גם הצהרה זו משקפת עמדה פרגמטית.
כאן תשאל הקוראת, ובצדק, אם איראן אכן שואפת לתפקיד ממתן, מדוע היא בכל זאת תומכת בארגוני המאבק המזוין הפלסטינים ובחיזבאללה, ואף הכניסה למשחק בעמדה משופרת את החות’ים.
אחת התשובות היא שחמאס והג’יהאד האסלאמי הם קודם כל ארגונים פלסטינים, ממש כמו שחיזבאללה הוא קודם כל ארגון לבנוני, ופעולותיהם באות לשרת את מטרותיהם בחברות המיידיות שבהן הם פועלים. כך גם החות’ים. המטרות המיידיות שלהם קשורות למלחמה ולהסדרי סיום המלחמה בתימן, ותמיכה במאבק הפלסטיני משרתת אותם בזירה התימנית והערבית, כפי שהראה לאחרונה שמוליק לדרמן במאמר בפורום לחשיבה אזורית.
שנית, אין לצפות שאיראן תפסיק את תמיכתה בארגונים פלסטיניים או אחרים כצעד ראשון. מהלך שכזה יכול להגיע אך ורק כחלק מתהליך אזורי כולל, שראשיתו בפתרון הסכסוך עם פלסטין. על ישראל מוטלת חובה לבחון את כל האפשרויות לנטרול סכנות ואיומים בדרכים לא צבאיות. ישראל הרשמית מעולם לא דנה ביוזמת השלום של הליגה הערבית, שלפחות בתיאוריה יכלה לשים סוף לאלימות ולמלחמות בסביבתנו הקרובה והאמצעית, מפלסטין בגדה וברצועה ועד לבנון, תימן ואיראן. אך משום מה, כאשר אומרים שכל האופציות על השולחן, אף פעם לא נכללות האופציות שאינן מלחמה.
המאמר נגזר מתוך חיבור ארוך יותר שנכתב לאחר שנת מחקר עבור ה- Foreign Policy Research Institute וכלל מקורות מהתקשורת בערבית, בעברית ובפרסית, כמו גם מקורות ארכיוניים ועיתונאיים בסין. פרופ’ ליאור שטרנפלד מלמד היסטוריה של איראן המודרנית במחלקה להיסטוריה ובתוכנית ללימודים יהודיים באוניברסיטת פן סטייט. מחבר הספר “בין איראן לציון: יהודי איראן במאה העשרים”.
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Iranophobia: The Logic of an Israeli Obsession by Haggai Ram (2009)
Two weeks ago the British Guardian revealed that the Israeli Air-Force has been conducting secret training exercises in preparation for an imminent attack on Iran. As the war drums beats get stronger, one should ask why Iran preoccupies such a large part of Israel’s inner discourse? If Iran imposes such an existential threat to Israel, why do threats sound louder coming from Jerusalem? I am no expert on nuclear issues, therefore the goal of this essay is not to assess the level of threat Iran poses to Israel, but rather to question the pathology of the Israeli obsession with an Iranian threat.
There could be no better time to read Haggai Ram’s Iranophobia: the Logic of an Israeli Obsession (full disclosure: Haggai Ram was my MA Thesis advisor and is a friend). Haggai Ram, a prominent Israeli scholar, offers a new reading of the long history of the relationship between Israel and Iran, and persuasively analyzes the problematic Israeli “reading” of Iran.
Prior to the 1979 revolution, Iran and Israel forged a close and very beneficial relationship, stemming from Israel’s strategy of “the Alliance of Periphery.” This alliance was aimed at bringing the three non-Arab countries of the Middle East — Israel, Turkey, and Iran, — and the Christian state of east Africa— Ethiopia—into a strategic collaboration vis-à-vis the Arab states. What brought these countries together was the fear of Nasser’s pan-Arabism, which appeared to be on the borders of each. Israel and Iran, apart from the strategic collaboration, also became trade partners. Iran supplied Israel most of its oil needs and Israeli companies worked throughout Iran in supplying military technology (ironically, even nuclear), agricultural assistance, and construction. The relationship thrived as both countries imagined themselves as non-Middle Eastern by nature. Israel’s self perception envisaged a Judeo-Christian civilization, and in Iran the Shah tried to instill the “Aryan Hypothesis” arguing that Iranians are of ancient indo-European tribes descent.
The 1979 revolution, however, took Iran to a different place in the Israeli imagination. Not only did Iran cease to be “modern,” but it also represented everything that seemed wrong and backward in the Middle East. The Israeli nightmare became a reality in the former close ally. Ram juxtaposes this development with the changing political reality in Israel, as the long time Ashkenazi ruling hegemony was voted out, and the ‘Likud’ party—overwhelmingly supported by religious Mizrahi Jews—came to power. At that point, Israelis saw Iran as a reflection of Israel’s own dark future if the Mizrahi forces in Israel should gain more political power. This sentiment grew stronger during the 1980s and the early 1990s. Ram brings a telling example of Iran’s function in the Israeli inner discourse in a slogan penned by Zionist leftist Meretz party in its 1992 campaign: “This is not Iran” (Kan lo iran). Ram explains: “in this slogan Meretz obviously rejected Iran, but at the same time it also suggested that Israel was becoming an Iran-like state, treading a dangerous path that might culminate in the establishment of a Jewish theocracy.”
In another important contribution of this work, Ram traces the place Iran had in the Israeli scholarship of the Middle East, especially on the Iranian Jews. Ram eloquently shows that the history of Iranian Jewry was written mainly by Iranian or Israeli Jews, and was deeply embedded in the Zionist paradigm, which denigrated Jewish existence anywhere but in Israel, and especially in a Muslim country. Therefore, the history of integrated communities in the Middle East was reduced to a history of persecution and cultural achievement.
Iranophobia is highly recommended reading for anyone interested in Israeli society. It helps explain Israeli anxieties about the Iranian nuclear threat and incidentally also helps explain Israeli anxieties in response to the Arab spring.
You may also enjoy:
Recent NEP blog post: Arab Autumn, Egypt Now by Yoav di-Capua
Other reviews by Lior Sternfeld: Making Islam Democratic and The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism
Posted November 9, 2011